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The growth of wireless and high-speed data applications has led to the use of coaxial cables over traditional video and telecommunications cables. With the development and standardization of coaxial cables used in various applications, coaxial cable has become a common device in homes, offices, telecommunications facilities, railways, industrial plants, and government/public safety facilities. The diversification of such applications has led to a variety of types, grades and manufacturers of coaxial cables.
Coaxial cable
The following suggestions and frequently asked questions will help you make the right choices for your coaxial cable based on your specific needs.
Understand application requirements and parameters
The beginning of everything is always to understand the problem to be solved. For the purchase of coaxial cable, this means that you need to know the quality of the signal that the cable needs to carry. Some of the important factors are the frequency range and the power level of the transmitted signal. Other factors include the RF and electromagnetic environment through which the signal passes, the length of the wiring, and the difficulty of wiring. The project budget and all institutional requirements also play an important role in decision making around the specific coaxial cable selected for an application.
Correct impedance selection
The two main impedances used for coaxial cable are 75 ohms and 50 ohms, respectively. Unless there is visible identification content, the impedance of a coaxial cable cannot be judged from the outside. If the above two impedances are confused, it is possible to cause damage to the device connector or the device itself, or at least to degrade the system performance. Although sometimes used interchangeably, 75 ohm cables are typically used for video applications, while 50 ohm cables are more commonly used for data and wireless purposes. The type of device and device that needs to be connected determines the cable impedance to be used.
Select the cable length correctly according to the attenuation
Signal energy can be lost due to thermal energy induced by the conductor resistance, loss factor of the dielectric, and other factors associated with the quality of the coaxial cable material. The attenuation of a coaxial cable represents the energy loss per unit length of cable. For applications where signal power is extremely low or wiring is extremely long and amplifiers or signal boosters are not available, low loss cables may be required to meet the minimum signal strength requirements at the receiving end of the coaxial cable. If the attenuation of the coaxial cable is so low that no signal booster is needed, even if the low-loss cable is more expensive, it is still a cost-effective investment.
Cable performance depends on frequency
A number of performance parameters, including attenuation and power handling capabilities, are listed in the specification for each coaxial cable, and these parameters vary with frequency. In general, the higher the signal frequency, the greater the resistive losses it suffers, and therefore the greater the degree of attenuation. In addition, at some sufficiently high frequencies, the coaxial cable will operate as a waveguide and a very poor performance TEM mode transmission line, the so-called cutoff frequency. This cutoff frequency is much higher than the highest frequency of any signal that needs to be transmitted.
Different cables have different power ratings
Depending on the cable diameter, the type of central and outer conductors, and the quality of the cable, different cables have different rated maximum processing powers. These ratings are given as values, averages or peaks under continuous wave conditions and represent different meanings depending on the type of signal being carried. In addition, it is also possible to give ratings that are rated maximum voltage and rated maximum current. It should be noted that such ratings are also frequency dependent and cables with better safety margins should be selected. Once the rated power of the coaxial cable is exceeded, there is a risk of unfortunate failure modes such as sparking, accelerated aging, medium degradation, and combustion.
Not all coaxial cables have the same shielding performance
Coaxial cable has a variety of structural types such as braided, stranded, foil, solid, corrugated, a variety of outer conductor types, and a variety of shielding methods. To further reduce the interference received or emitted, some coaxial cables may have multiple shield layers in addition to the outer conductor. In addition, the use of different types of outer conductors and shielding layers also achieves flatness resistance, higher stiffness/flexibility and lower attenuation. For many applications, the higher the quality of the outer conductor and shield of the coaxial cable, the better the budget, the better.
How to route/route?
Different applications often have very different wiring requirements. Cabling requirements for large outdoor industrial environments are different from cabling requirements within machine facilities or aircraft fuselage. From the wiring in the equipment assembly to the wiring in complex buildings, there are corresponding coaxial cables that can meet their needs in almost any environment. For specific routing types, coaxial cables have several technical parameters that measure their ability to meet requirements, including: bend radius, maximum or unsupported wiring conditions, wind loads, and a variety of environmental factors and ratings. Typically, this information should be provided to the cable purchaser, otherwise the exact details of the wiring requirements can be as important as the electrical performance of the cable. Because some applications result in rougher routing operations, different jacket materials and protective layers are often used to assist in cable installation.
What type of connector do I need?
Similar to the case of coaxial cables, coaxial cable connectors are equally diverse. The type of coaxial connector is determined by the device, system or other interconnecting device to be mated with the coaxial cable. However, depending on the size, type of shield, type of center conductor, additional layers, and the type of metal used, some cables may be more suitable for use with certain types of connectors. Among them, since the contact between different metal conductors may cause corrosion and performance degradation, and eventually lead to failure, it is important to prevent such contact from occurring.
Some coaxial cables may have problems with oversize or undersize when using non-dedicated coaxial connectors. Many vendors offer optimized coaxial connectors for specific cables, and low-PIM or low-loss applications require dedicated high-performance connectors. In addition, the coaxial connector and cable can be connected by crimping, soldering, toolless press fitting, and the like. One point to consider is that not all cables are suitable for certain connection types.
Should I purchase a coaxial cable or a coaxial cable assembly?
Due to the variety and application requirements of coaxial connectors and cable installations, many suppliers offer pre-assembled coaxial components for specific applications. For specific applications, if the cable length, performance parameters, and coaxial connector type are known, then the best option is to use a cable assembly.
Institutional requirements and special equipment
Certain applications, such as military, government, avionics, aerospace, and industrial equipment, have specific regulations and specific requirements for coaxial cable performance. Only by meeting the institutional requirements of these industries, societies and governments can cables be qualified for use in these areas. These requirements can be quite complex, and it's not easy to remember them. Experts may be the best consultant for details here.
Special cable
Many special applications such as test and measurement, scientific experiments, satellites, high-performance radars, etc. require very dedicated coaxial cables. In addition to the above institutional standards, these cables often need to meet specific applications and many non-standard requirements. Experts can help procurement personnel to understand the cables that meet specific needs and ultimately select the best option.
Counterfeit cable and knock-off goods
Unfortunately, due to profit-driven, illegally sold counterfeit cottage coaxial cables are more accessible to the purchaser. The use of cables other than genuine goods is inherently illegal and may put the safety of operators and equipment at risk. Selecting only qualified suppliers with a good track record and a quality management system is the best way to prevent potential losses from counterfeit cottage coaxial cables.
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