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Power adapters are widely used in various electronic devices such as notebook computers, gaming consoles, printers, DSL modems, and mobile phones. From a user's perspective, many of these devices spend a significant amount of time in either light-load or standby (no-load) modes. As a result, energy efficiency standards like ENERGY STAR focus heavily on improving the efficiency of power adapters during both active and idle states, especially reducing standby energy consumption.
For instance, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) version 2.0 ENERGY STAR External Power Supply Specification (EPA 2.0) builds upon version 1.1 by imposing stricter energy efficiency requirements. The formula Ln represents the natural logarithm of the rated output power. Here’s a quick look at the key differences between the two versions:
Power adapters come in a wide range of wattages. Those exceeding 75 watts typically require additional power factor correction (PFC) per IEC61000-3-2 guidelines, whereas those below 75 watts do not. This article will focus specifically on the features needed for sub-75 watt adapters to comply with the new EPA 2.0 standards, along with ON Semiconductor’s high-performance, energy-efficient controllers that offer these necessary features.
Methods to Meet Energy Efficiency Regulations
To meet the efficiency and standby energy requirements for external power supplies, it is essential to first understand the sources of loss. In terms of operational losses, there are primarily two factors: switching losses and losses due to leakage inductance. These losses can be calculated using the following equations:
From these equations, we can see that there are two primary approaches to improving operational efficiency: reducing the switching frequency (using frequency back-off techniques under light load conditions) and lowering the drain voltage at turn-off (VDRAIN), which corresponds to valley-switching technology.
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In conclusion, achieving compliance with energy efficiency standards involves a combination of technological advancements and careful design considerations. By optimizing both the hardware components and control algorithms, manufacturers can significantly enhance the performance and energy efficiency of their power adapters. This not only benefits the environment but also provides consumers with more sustainable and cost-effective solutions.
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