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Power adapters are commonly found in various electronic devices such as notebook computers, gaming consoles, printers, DSL modems, and mobile phones. These devices often operate in light-load or standby modes for significant portions of their usage time. Consequently, standards like ENERGY STAR focus heavily on improving the energy efficiency of these adapters, especially during light-load conditions and reducing their standby power consumption.
For instance, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) ENERGY STAR Version 2.0 External Power Supply Specification builds upon the Version 1.1 requirements, introducing more stringent energy efficiency criteria. The efficiency improvements are tied to the natural logarithm of the rated output power (denoted as Ln). The table below illustrates the differences between Version 1.1 and Version 2.0 of the ENERGY STAR specification for external power supplies.
Power supplies come in various wattage ranges, with those exceeding 75W requiring additional power factor correction (PFC) as per IEC61000-3-2 and similar standards. This article primarily discusses the features required for power adapters under 75W to comply with the updated EPA 2.0 specifications. Additionally, it highlights ON Semiconductor's high-performance, energy-efficient controllers that offer the necessary features to meet these requirements.
Meeting Energy Efficiency Regulations
To achieve compliance with the aforementioned external power supply efficiency and standby power consumption standards, we must first examine the sources of loss. Working losses generally fall into two major categories: switching losses and losses due to leakage inductance. These losses can be expressed mathematically in equations (1) and (2):
Equation (1)
Equation (2)
From these equations, we can deduce two methods to enhance energy efficiency: one is to decrease the switching frequency (FSW), which involves using frequency back-off techniques at lighter loads; the other is to reduce the drain voltage at turn-off (VDRAIN), corresponding to the valley-switching technology.
[3][4]
In summary, meeting the ENERGY STAR 2.0 standards for external power supplies requires careful consideration of both design and component selection. By optimizing switching frequency and minimizing losses through advanced control techniques, manufacturers can ensure their products not only meet but exceed these demanding efficiency requirements. This approach not only benefits the environment but also contributes to cost savings for consumers over the long term.
As the electronics industry continues to evolve, staying ahead of regulatory changes will remain crucial. Companies that invest in research and development to innovate and adapt to stricter energy efficiency standards will find themselves better positioned in the competitive global market. Furthermore, the integration of high-performance controllers, such as those provided by ON Semiconductor, offers a practical solution to achieving compliance while maintaining product reliability and performance.
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