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Digital data storage is undergoing a strong growth trend, and in 2016 it has increased to more than 10,000 Aibytes (Exabyte; EB) or 10 all-bitets (Zettabyte; ZB) electronic data.
It is worth mentioning that in the secondary unit list of the bit, there is currently only the "Yotabyte" (YB). Yotta is the prefix used in the 19th General Co nference on Weights and Measures resolution in 1991, so that we will not exhaust all the decimal prefixes very quickly.
This column will discuss the development of data storage technology and introduce two major existing and alternative storage technologies: Hard Disk Drive (HDD) and Solid State Drive (SSD). This article first discusses the HDD and its functions, and compares the different characteristics of storage and memory. In the next column, we will focus on SSDs and explore data storage trends that will continue to evolve for the foreseeable future.
Storage vs memory
The history of electronic data storage complements the history of computer development, and both are indispensable. After all, computers need storage devices to keep programs and data.
From a storage point of view, the program and data are two sides of the same coin. They consist of a string of binary digits that only a computer can make sense. The requirements for the storage device vary depending on the application. When programs and data are used simultaneously, the media used to support them is called "main memory" or simply "memory". Conversely, when they are reserved for future use, the supported media is referred to as a "secondary memory" or "storage" device.
Memory features include fast data storage/retrieval capabilities, limited capacity, and higher storage costs. On the other hand, the stored characteristics include significantly larger capacity, but slower data storage/retrieval than memory and lower cost. Basically, storage can hold a larger amount of data than a memory, and the cost per tuple is lower. In general, the cost of storage is about 20 times lower than memory.
Unlike memory, storage devices can be further classified as either online or offline. Figure 1 shows the main features of memory and storage.
(Memory and storage requirements vary, depending on their characteristics, including now outdated technology) (Source: Lauro Rizzatti)
The technology developed to achieve memory and storage that evolves over time can be said to be a model of human intelligence. Those who invented these techniques utilized various mechanical, electromagnetic, electrostatic, electrical, optical, and semiconductor characteristics. A list of various memory/storage media includes: punched paper cards, stamped paper tape, delay lines (magnetic wires or mercury delay lines), electrostatic storage, charging capacitors, drums, magnetic tapes, magnetic cores and disks, optical discs and Semiconductor wafers and the like. Some are only short-lived (such as electrostatic storage), while others last for decades to "retire" (such as magnetic core).
Today, semiconductor wafer fabrication is commonly used in memory. In contrast, storage is in the middle of the transition from disk to semiconductor, and semiconductors are rapidly expanding and replacing their disk products.
Slowly, memory and storage capacity have increased from a few bytes to kilobytes (KB), megabytes (megabytes; MB), and gigabytes (gigabytes; KB) ). Today, the capacity of storage devices usually starts in megabytes (terabytes; TB).
Storage device
The storage device consists of two parts: a medium for storing data, and a controller acting as a "traffic police", which monitors the binary data stream of the storage unit in and out. The controller is the brain of the storage device. Poorly designed controllers can quickly cause traffic congestion and slow down the operation of the computer.
hard disk
At the time of this writing, the most popular storage device was a hard disk drive (HDD), but its popularity is rapidly declining. HDD has been around for about thirty years. Thirty years ago, there were several hard disk suppliers. As time progressed, the storage industry experienced a large-scale consolidation and led to a monopoly. Today, there are three major storage vendors on the market: Seagate, Toshiba, and Western Digital (WD), all of whom have acquired multiple majors, such as Co nner Peripherals, Maxtor, and more. For example, the acquisition of Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (HGST) is the best portrayal of this trend. The regulator has divided the company's products into two parts, 2.5 å‹ hard drive owned by Toshiba, and 3.5 å‹ hard drive belongs to Western Digital.
The top three companies on the market have all the patents, clean room technology, and manufacturing robots. Basically, they monopolize the hard drive industry. In terms of the current hard disk business, no company can acquire another company without inducing the involvement of regulatory authorities.
The main reason for this situation is to set a threshold for entry to avoid small players throwing hats and heads-up. After all, the capital and engineering resources required to build a modern hard drive business are quite large.
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