Why is there such a big gap between the actual distance and the theoretical value?

Why is there such a big gap between the actual distance and the theoretical value?

The first is that the result in the formula is a pure theoretical value. It only considers the result of the electromagnetic wave propagating in free space. As the distance increases, the energy density decreases after the energy diffuses into a larger space, and the signal field strength decreases. It does not consider the influence of air and ground and other media on electromagnetic wave absorption and attenuation;

The second is that it does not consider the impact of the transmission efficiency of the transmitting antenna and the receiving efficiency of the receiving antenna (theoretically it can be 100% but it is not achieved), and finally, it does not consider the various electromagnetic interference and the anti-interference ability of the receiver Influence, which leads to a larger error between actual results and theoretical calculations. There are always various sources of interference in the actual communication environment. Sometimes, although the signal strength sensed on the receiving antenna is much higher than the receiving sensitivity, but when the electromagnetic interference of the environment where the receiver is located is large, the useful signal is still It is not covered by the interference signal, and the receiver cannot effectively suppress the interference, nor can it perform effective radio communication. If the receiver has strong anti-interference ability, this effect is relatively small.

Under the premise that the transmission power and the reception sensitivity are the same, the stronger the anti-jamming capability of the system, the longer the actual communication distance. Many high-frequency engineers have this experience: when testing in a laboratory (shielded network room), the transmission power and receiving sensitivity of the AM system and the FM system are the same, when testing in the actual environment, the communication distance of the FM system is often Several times the AM system, especially when the environmental interference is serious, the AM system cannot communicate at all, and the FM system can still maintain a long communication distance, because the anti-interference ability of the FM system is much stronger than the AM system.

Relatively speaking, the anti-interference ability of the FM system is superior to the amplitude modulation system, while the anti-interference ability of the narrow-band system is superior to the broadband system. Therefore,
Under the premise of the same transmission power and receiving sensitivity, the narrower the bandwidth, the longer the communication distance.
Through the above analysis, we can draw such a conclusion: In the actual communication environment, the communication distance of the micropower wireless communication system mainly depends on the anti-interference ability of the system.

Introduction

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